Lithium Side Effects: What You Need to Know

Lithium is a cornerstone treatment in psychiatry, particularly for bipolar disorder, but its potential side effects can be wide-ranging and sometimes serious. Understanding these side effects, how to manage them, and when to seek help is essential for anyone taking or considering lithium therapy.

Essential Highlights

Lithium is effective but requires regular monitoring due to its narrow therapeutic range and potential for toxicity.
Common side effects include thirst, frequent urination, hand tremors, nausea, weight gain, and mild gastrointestinal symptoms.
More serious side effects can affect the kidneys, thyroid, and nervous system, and require immediate medical attention.
Lithium toxicity is a medical emergency; symptoms include severe nausea, vomiting, confusion, muscle weakness, tremors, and vision changes.
Monitoring and lifestyle adjustments (like fluid and salt intake) help reduce risk.
For more information on side effects, visit Side Effects South Africa or their dedicated Lithium Side Effects page.

What Is Lithium and Why Is It Prescribed?
Common Side Effects of Lithium
Serious and Long-Term Side Effects
Lithium Toxicity: Recognition and Prevention
Managing and Minimizing Side Effects
When to Seek Medical Help
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

What Is Lithium and Why Is It Prescribed?

Lithium is primarily used to treat and prevent episodes of mania and depression in people with bipolar disorder. It stabilizes mood by affecting the flow of sodium through nerve and muscle cells, but it must be taken exactly as prescribed and monitored closely[1].

Approved for bipolar disorder, sometimes used for depression that doesn’t respond to other treatments.
Requires regular blood tests to ensure effective and safe levels.

Common Side Effects of Lithium

Most people experience some mild side effects when starting lithium, but these often improve over time.

Tremor: Fine shaking of the hands is very common[2][6].
Increased thirst and urination: Lithium affects kidney function, causing increased thirst and more frequent urination[3][4].
Nausea and gastrointestinal upset: Mild nausea, diarrhea, or stomach discomfort are frequent, especially when first starting treatment[5][3].
Weight gain: Some people experience gradual weight gain on lithium[1].
Metallic taste or dry mouth: Changes in taste and increased saliva or dryness are reported[1][4].
Mild cognitive effects: Brain fog, forgetfulness, or feeling less sharp mentally can occur for some[3].

“Thirst and excessive urination, nausea and diarrhea and tremor are rather common side effects that are typically no more than annoying even if persistent.” [7]

For a broader overview, visit the side effects directory on SideEffects.co.za.

Serious and Long-Term Side Effects

While many lithium side effects are minor, some can become serious or develop with long-term use.

Endocrine and Kidney Effects

Kidney function: Lithium can cause long-term changes in kidney function; regular monitoring is essential[2][3][5].
Thyroid dysfunction: Hypothyroidism (low thyroid function) is a well-documented risk[3].
Weight gain and metabolic issues: Ongoing use can increase the risk of weight gain and related problems[3].

Neurological Effects

Worsening tremor, confusion, poor memory: If these suddenly worsen, it can indicate toxicity or other neurological complications[4][6].
Serious movement disorders: Less common, but may include muscle stiffness, spasms, or jerky movements[1][5].

Other Potential Long-term Effects

Hair loss or thinning
Acne or skin changes
Sexual dysfunction

Lithium Toxicity: Recognition and Prevention

Lithium toxicity can occur if blood levels become too high—even slightly. This is a medical emergency.

Warning Signs of Toxicity

Severe nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Confusion, severe drowsiness, slurred speech
Muscle weakness, twitching, or tremors
Vision changes or ringing in the ears
Swelling of face, mouth, or tongue
Loss of coordination or balance

If any of these symptoms appear, stop lithium immediately and seek urgent medical attention[5][3][2]. More on preventing and recognizing medication side effects at Side Effects South Africa.

How to Prevent Toxicity

Regular blood tests: These help keep lithium levels safe[5][6].
Maintain consistent fluid and salt intake: Dehydration and sudden changes in salt can raise lithium concentrations in your blood[5][6].
Be cautious with other medications: NSAIDs, diuretics, and some blood pressure medicines can interact with lithium[3][6].

Managing and Minimizing Side Effects

Most side effects improve with time, but some require specific interventions.

Take lithium with food to reduce stomach upset.
Stay well hydrated, especially in hot weather or when exercising.
Discuss any new symptoms with your doctor—don’t adjust the dose on your own[1][3].
Monitor for signs of thyroid or kidney issues at regular check-ups.

For a personalized approach, check out the Symptom Checker from Healthdirect Australia or visit Side Effects South Africa.

When to Seek Medical Help

If you develop symptoms of lithium toxicity or serious allergic reactions, immediate action is crucial.

Call emergency services or go to the nearest hospital if you experience confusion, severe drowsiness, uncontrollable muscle movements, or significant changes in vision or consciousness[5][2].
Report any persistent, severe, or new side effects to your doctor[1].

Report medication side effects to the FDA MedWatch program or NHS Yellow Card Scheme.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

1. What are the most common side effects of lithium?
Common side effects include increased thirst, frequent urination, hand tremor, nausea, mild stomach upset, and weight gain[1][2][3].

2. How can I lower my risk of lithium toxicity?
Maintain consistent salt and water intake, avoid dehydration, and attend all scheduled blood tests to monitor your lithium levels[3][5][6].

3. Will lithium affect my kidneys or thyroid?
Long-term use can impact both the kidneys and thyroid. Regular blood tests help catch these issues early[3][2].

4. What should I do if I miss a dose?
Take the missed dose as soon as you remember, unless it’s nearly time for your next dose. Do not double up. Consult your doctor for specific instructions.

5. Can I take other medications with lithium?
Some medications interact with lithium and can increase risk of toxicity. Always consult your doctor before starting new medicines, especially NSAIDs and some blood pressure drugs[3][6].

6. How do I know if I have lithium toxicity?
Symptoms include severe nausea, vomiting, confusion, tremors, slurred speech, and drowsiness. Seek immediate medical care if you suspect toxicity[5][3][2].

7. Where can I find more information about lithium side effects?
Visit Side Effects South Africa or the side effects directory. For trusted international resources, see MedlinePlus Lithium Guide, Healthdirect Australia, or NHS UK.

For ongoing updates and community support, bookmark and refer to Side Effects South Africa for trusted, localized information.

Lithium Side Effects