The chronic side effects of common arthritis medications, including over-the-counter pain relievers and supplements, can vary depending on the specific ingredient and duration of use. Chronic use of medications such as NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) and acetaminophen may lead to side effects including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, anemia, headache, and edema (swelling due to fluid retention)[1]. Some NSAIDs can cause kidney damage, which increases the risk for edema, while anemia can develop from interactions with red blood cells[1].
For acetaminophen-based arthritis pain relief, very common chronic side effects include nausea and vomiting, with less common effects such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, and dyspepsia[2]. In rare cases, more serious side effects like bloody or black stools, skin rashes, unusual tiredness, yellowing of the skin or eyes (indicative of liver issues), and abnormal bleeding or bruising can occur with chronic use[2]. Psychiatric symptoms like insomnia and anxiety may also appear, as well as muscle spasms and some genitourinary and ocular issues such as oliguria (reduced urine output) and periorbital edema (swelling around the eyes)[2].
Supplements like glucosamine, often marketed for arthritis joint health (sometimes under brand names resembling “Arthraway”), are generally considered safe over long-term use but can cause mild and infrequent side effects such as stomach upset, constipation, diarrhea, headaches, and rashes[3][4]. There is some concern that glucosamine may worsen asthma or, in rare cases, increase eye pressure, and individuals allergic to shellfish should look for alternatives since glucosamine is commonly derived from shellfish[3]. Those with diabetes should exercise caution, as glucosamine may raise blood sugar levels or interact with anti-diabetic medications[4].
It is important to note that side effect risks can be influenced by individual health conditions, age, and concurrent medications. Some side effects may be rare and the specific role of arthritis medications in causing them is sometimes unclear due to underlying disease risks and combinations with other drugs[5]. Chronic users should consult healthcare providers for regular monitoring and to discuss any potential risks or necessary dose adjustments.