Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) can be associated with a range of side effects. Some of the most commonly reported adverse effects include:
- Increased red blood cell count (erythrocytosis or polycythemia): This raises the risk of blood clot formation, which can potentially lead to serious complications such as deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism[1][2][8].
- Breast swelling or tenderness and development of breast tissue (gynecomastia): Extra testosterone can be converted to estrogen, increasing the risk of male breast tissue growth[2][4][5].
- Acne and oily skin: Skin problems are a relatively common side effect[3][4][5].
- Worsening of sleep apnea or breathing disturbances during sleep: TRT can exacerbate existing sleep disorders[4][5].
- Swelling in the ankles (peripheral edema): TRT can cause fluid retention and swelling[4][7].
- Testicular shrinkage (testicular hypotrophy): Supplementing testosterone can reduce the body’s own production, leading to smaller testicles[3].
- Increased risk of cardiovascular problems: While recent large studies suggest no major increase in the risk of heart attack or stroke for men with testosterone deficiency, some observational studies and specific patient populations may still face increased risk for events such as atrial fibrillation or pulmonary embolism[3][4][5][6].
- Potential impact on prostate health: Testosterone is contraindicated in men with untreated prostate cancer. Recent evidence suggests TRT does not increase the risk for developing new prostate cancers, but monitoring is required[4][5][7].
- Cardiac and hepatic dysfunction: Monitoring is advised, especially in men with pre-existing liver or heart conditions[7].
It is important to note that the presence and severity of these side effects can vary among individuals. TRT should only be used when there is a confirmed deficiency and under medical supervision, with regular monitoring for adverse effects.
References
- [1] Adverse effects of testosterone replacement therapy – PubMed Central
- [2] Testosterone replacement therapy: Yes or no
- [3] Testosterone supplementation and stroke in young adults – Frontiers
- [4] Testosterone Replacement Therapy, Cancer Risk | Moffitt
- [5] Is testosterone therapy safe? Take a breath before you take the plunge
- [6] Research Finds Testosterone Therapy Safe for Heart Health
- [7] Risks of testosterone replacement therapy in men – PMC
- [8] Testosterone therapy: Potential benefits and risks as you age