The chronic side effects of arthritis medications can vary depending on the type of drug used. Common long-term side effects associated with standard arthritis drugs include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, anemia, headache, and edema (swelling). Anemia may develop because some arthritis medicines, including NSAIDs and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), can interact with red blood cells and trigger the body to remove them[1].
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may cause kidney damage, which can result in fluid retention and lead to edema. Chronic NSAID use is also linked to stomach irritation, which can cause ulcers or gastrointestinal bleeding[1]. Acetaminophen, another common pain reliever for arthritis, can cause side effects such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, insomnia, anxiety, and—in rare cases—liver problems, unusual bleeding, or yellowing of the skin and eyes if used in excess or over a long period[2].
Glucosamine, a common supplement for arthritis, usually causes only mild side effects, including stomach upset, constipation, diarrhea, headache, or skin rashes. Long-term use may need extra caution in those with diabetes, as it can potentially raise blood sugar levels or interfere with diabetic medications. There have also been reports of other interactions, such as with warfarin (a blood thinner), potentially increasing bleeding risk[3][4].
It is important to note that certain populations—including individuals with diabetes, chronic lung disease, or those on corticosteroids—face a heightened risk of serious infection while using newer biologic agents for arthritis, making ongoing monitoring by a healthcare provider essential[5].
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